Rifampicin-Loaded Nanoparticles for Targeted Tuberculosis Therapy: Enhancing Delivery and Efficacy

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health challenge, with limitations in the present drug regimens, including

poor bioavailability, systemic side effects, and the emergence of multidrug resistance. Rifampicin (RMP), a firstline anti-TB drug, suffers from rapid metabolism, limited tissue penetration, and poor targeting, necessitating

frequent dosing. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems offer a promising strategy to address these challenges

by enhancing targeted delivery, reducing toxicity, and improving therapeutic efficacy. A disruptive solution

to these challenges is presented by nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems. In this review, we examine

various studies on RMP-loaded nanoparticles, including polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based nanocarriers (such

as liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles), metallic nanoparticles, dendrimers, and micelles. These carriers

enhance the stability of the drug, facilitate its controlled release, and target its delivery to TB-infected tissues and

macrophages. Nanocarriers loaded with RMP have a high potential for transforming TB treatment because they

are more effective, have fewer systemic adverse effects, and are part of combating TB drug resistance on a global

scale.